Fig. 1: Map of the modern pan-Arctic region with insets of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) area.
From: Enhanced Arctic sea ice melting controlled by larger heat discharge of mid-Holocene rivers
a Pan-Arctic river system, Arctic Ocean circulation (arrow lines)17,24, Northern Hemisphere westerlies (orange arrows), and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM, yellow arrows). Sea surface (b) salinity and c temperature (color scales) during July–September in the ESAS region, with mean annual Russian pan-Arctic major river runoff and sediment load (km3/yr and Mt/yr, respectively)23. The red dots show the locations of sediment cores. EADR, NADR, PWI, AWI, TPD, BG, and SCC are the Eurasian pan-Arctic discharge realm, North American pan-Arctic discharge realm, Pacific water inflow at a water depth of 40–220 m, Atlantic water inflow at a water depth of 200–800 m, surface Transpolar Drift, surface Beaufort Gyre, and surface Siberian Coastal Current, respectively.
