Fig. 4: Annual and seasonal temperature trends over the Northern Hemisphere landmass under full and individual forcings from the TraCE-21ka simulation. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Annual and seasonal temperature trends over the Northern Hemisphere landmass under full and individual forcings from the TraCE-21ka simulation.

From: Holocene seasonal temperature evolution and spatial variability over the Northern Hemisphere landmass

Fig. 4: Annual and seasonal temperature trends over the Northern Hemisphere landmass under full and individual forcings from the TraCE-21ka simulation.

Changes of (a) annual, (b) summer and (c) winter temperatures, and of (d) temperature seasonality during the Holocene. Forcings include orbital variations (ORB, green), ice sheets (ICE, sky blue), atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG, yellow), and meltwater fluxes (MWF, purple), as well as the linear sum of ORB and ICE (ORB + ICE, red), and the full forcing simulation (ALL, blue). All simulation results were extracted over the same locations as the pollen sites. The reconstructed temperatures (black line with grey shading showing 95% uncertainty bands) and insolation at 45° N96 (pink dashed lines) are shown for comparison.

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