Fig. 3: Wireless drug delivery and simultaneous monitoring of neural, behavioral changes.

a Series of schematic illustrations showing the behavioral change induced by the injection of bicuculline (BIC) into the substantia nigra (SN) and experimental timeline. b Series of heatmaps showing the behaviors of a mouse before and after the BIC injection (5 min period). c Real-time circling behavior and neural activities of SN neurons and merged firing rate of SN neurons in accordance with BIC injection. The blue line above the heatmap indicates the time at the pump on (3 cycles; 5 s on and 55 s off over a 60 s period). The pink line above the heatmap indicates the time at which the circling behavior appeared. The inset shows representative neural signals. d Neural firing patterns of SN neurons before and after BIC injection as well as after recovery. “After recovery” was based on the time when the compulsive circling behavior changed to normal behavior (e.g., walking behavior). e The number of circling per minute before and after BIC injection, and after recovery (n = 9 where n is the number of repetitive experiments with the 3 mice (i.e., three experiments per mouse); F(1.193, 9.547) = 63.64, p = 0.00001029). f Mean firing rates of SN neurons that showed firing pattern change before and after BIC injection as well as after recovery (n = 8 where n is the number of neurons from 3 mice; F(1.442, 10.09) = 12.31, p = 0.00326). g The number of burst events for 30 s of some SN neurons before and after BIC injection as well as after recovery (n = 8 where n is the number of neurons from 3 mice; F(1.074, 7.520) = 13.31, p = 0.00670). Data are presented as mean values ± SD with individual data points. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. p < 0.05 was considered significant. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. ns no statistical significance.