Fig. 4: Controllable, chronic drug delivery, and consequent neural and behavioral changes.

a Firing rates of a representative SN neuron in accordance with BIC injection on day 3, day 5, and day 7. Inset shows a representative neural signal. The blue line above the heatmap indicates the time at the pump on (3 cycles; 5 s on and 55 s off over a 60 s period). b Behavior heatmap of a representative mouse in accordance with BIC injection on day 3, day 5, day 7 (5 min period). c Number of circling before and after BIC injection daily for 7 days (5 min period; n = 3 where n is the number of mice). d Increase in the mean firing rates after the injection of BIC daily for 7 days (n = 4 where n is the number of neurons). e Representative trajectories with velocity heatmap after BIC injection by activating the pump with 3 cycles and 6 cycles (5 min period). f The number of circling after BIC injection by activating the pump with 0 cycle, 3 cycles, and 6 cycles (5 min period; n = 8 where n is the number of repetitive experiments; F(2, 21) = 30.25, p = 0.00000065). g Travel distance after BIC injection by activating the pump with 0 cycle, 3 cycles, and 6 cycles (5 min period; n = 8 where n is the number of repetitive experiments; F(2, 21) = 87.11, p = 0.000000000068). Data are presented as mean values ± SD with individual data points. Statistical analyses were performed by the one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. p < 0.05 was considered significant. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. ns no statistical significance.