Fig. 2: Piezoelectric properties.

a Stress (1 Hz, 2 MPa) and generated current waveforms of x = 0.25 crystal (upper) and the d33 of selected compositions obtained under the same stress (lower). b Experiment setup of converse d33 measurement (left), simulated LiH3(SeO3)2 (piezoelectric materials with the same Cc space group) crystal deformation (middle) and corresponding displacements of top surface under electric field (right). D3 and D5 are the displacements caused by d33 and d35, respectively. The x, y and z correspond to (100), (010), (001) crystal orientations, respectively. c Displacement magnitude diagram obtained on x = 0.25 crystal under E = 2.4 kV/cm and F = 1 Hz bipolar electric field. d Electric field (left) and frequency (right) dependent d33 of x = 0.25 crystal measured by converse piezoelectric effect.