Fig. 3: Switching barrier simulation and piezoelectricity comparison.

a Minimum energy paths calculated using DFT method. b g33 and d33 comparison of different materials (see Supplementary Table 2 for reference and details). For clarity, data for PMN-Pt (d33 up to 2000 pC/N) and (TMFM)0.26(TMCM)0.74CdCl3 (d33 = 1540 pC/N), which are generally regarded as the piezoelectrics with the highest d33 in inorganic and organic system, respectively, is not included in b.