Fig. 3: Distribution of individual lifespans of honey bees under different conditions. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Distribution of individual lifespans of honey bees under different conditions.

From: A deeper understanding of system interactions can explain contradictory field results on pesticide impact on honey bees

Fig. 3: Distribution of individual lifespans of honey bees under different conditions.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Early in the season when the prevalence of an immune-suppressing virus is low (white bars) and later when all bees are virus infected (gray bars). b Treated or not (gray and white bars, respectively) with a virus administered to mature larvae through the diet. c When exposed to a toxic compound, when the prevalence of an immune-suppressing virus is low (white bars with diagonal pattern) or when the virus is widespread (gray bars with diagonal pattern); the corresponding distribution of honey bees sampled early or late in the season and not exposed to the toxic compound as a control (white and gray bars, respectively). d As (c) but exposed to a sub-optimal temperature in place of a toxin. Source data are provided as a Source data file.

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