Fig. 2: Formation of TIL.
From: Near-infrared-laser-navigated dancing bubble within water via a thermally conductive interface
a Snapshot of the thermal imaging from side view during one period of bubble bouncing at P = 15 W. The black dash line for the glass/water interface, the circle for the bubble position, and the green line for the Z direction (t0 = 18.48 s). b Temperature profile along the Z direction (Z = 0 refers to the glass/water interface), indicating a pronounced temperature peak Tpeak at δinv about 0.3 mm and a strong temperature gradient dT/dZ about 50 K/mm (Supplementary Fig. 4). c Sketch for the formation of TIL. d Simulation for the flow and temperature, confirming Tpeak for TIL. e Tpeak arising from the high thermal conductivity of the sapphire glass in simulation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
