Fig. 3: Mechanism of the bubble bouncing.
From: Near-infrared-laser-navigated dancing bubble within water via a thermally conductive interface
a–d The relevant driving force responsible for the bouncing at P = 20 W. Sketch of the competing buoyancy force and the thermal Marangoni force, and their magnitudes dependent on bubble radius, when bubble moves in liquid (a, b) and rests near the wall (c, d), respectively. e The lower (Rlow) and upper bound (Rup) for the bouncing behavior dependent on the laser power (P), the lines for theory, and dots for the experiments. f Bouncing frequency dependent on the laser power and bubble radius, lines for the theory, and dots for the experiments. g The numerical simulation conforming the bouncing bubble and revealing the related velocity field. The white dash line for the location of TIL. The error bars of the data in (e–f) denote the standard deviation of at least three measurements. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
