Fig. 2: Modelling multi-generational water-borne dispersal.

a Schematic representation of a biphasic life cycle composed of sedentary adults and dispersive early-life stages, that is a distinctive feature of all species included in the meta-analysis. During the dispersive phase, numerous individuals are dispersed across the seascape by turbulent currents (represented in the Mediterranean miniature). b Explicit dispersal model evaluates filial connections between locality-pairs. c Implicit dispersal model estimates coalescent connections between locality-pairs. Schematics highlight the simulated genealogy over two generations and illustrate one of many multi-generational dispersal pathways that are considered by our models when estimating the connectivity between distant localities A and B. Icons credit: © vectors market, © Agne Alesiute, © Elisabetta Calabritto, © Luis Prado, © Joi Stack, © Tatina Vazest, © mindgraphy, © Oleksandr Panasovskyi, © ProSymbols, © Sean Maldjian (changes were made on all the icons, Creative Commons BY 4.0 license).