Fig. 1: Structural origins of enhancing electrocaloric performance by 3-D thermally conductive networks. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Structural origins of enhancing electrocaloric performance by 3-D thermally conductive networks.

From: Thermal management of chips by a device prototype using synergistic effects of 3-D heat-conductive network and electrocaloric refrigeration

Fig. 1

a Schematic diagram of inducing the transition from paraelectric (nonpolar) to ferroelectric-like (polar) phases for the polymer in a restricted state-space. b SEM images of 3-D CNet. c The element mapping of Ba, Ca, Ti, O, and F, confirmed that the continuous 3-D CNet is implemented in 3-3 PCC. d Optical image of 3-3 PCC. e The ΔS and ΔT of the neat polymer and 3-3 PCC as a function of applied electric field. f Polarization versus electric field for the neat polymer and 3-3 PCC. g The temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity and loss (tanδ) of the 3-3 PCC. h In situ XRD patterns of the 3-3 PCC with increasing electric field. i In situ XRD intensity mapping of the 3-3 PCC as a function of 2Θ and electric field. j The histogram of polar phase ratio at 0 and 40 MV m−1. The inset of the elliptical dashed area shows a schematic diagram of the 3-D CNet acting as a polar nucleation site and gradually growing and expanding with this site as the core under an external electric field.

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