Fig. 5: Contrasting evolutionary histories of host and parasite genes deployed at specific times of infection.

Differential expression superclusters that describe discrete stages of infection (centre) for either the host (closed green) or the parasite (closed purple) where hpi = hours post infection and dpi = days post infection. Open violins represent males, or plant tissue associated with males. The orthogroup distributions (scaled to the most conserved category) are shown for eight nematode species (left - Caenorhabditis elegans, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Meloidogyne graminicola, M. hapla, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, Heterodera glycines, and H. schachtii) and eight plant species (right - Amborella trichopoda, Hordeum vulgare, Zea mays, Solanum lycopersicum, S. tuberosum, Glycine max, Brassica rapa (ssp. rapa) and A. thaliana). Arrowheads indicate a proportional increase or decrease compared to all differentially expressed genes (DEGs, black). The probability <0.05 was empirically derived (from 1000 random samples of equal-sized subsets) for all five categories with a proportional increase (in the case of the nematode) or a proportional decrease (in the case of the plant) compared to all DEGs (i.e., one-tailed). Adjustments were not made for multiple comparisons.