Fig. 1: Schematic illustrating measurable features of transcription dynamics.

Burst size changes are typically associated with promoter regulation, while burst frequency (ON fraction) is typically associated with enhancer regulation. More (a) and less (b) variable transcriptional activity traces of individual cells, with higher and lower Fano factor values, respectively, are illustrated. For highly expressed genes, burst frequency can be difficult to measure directly from spot intensity traces. Measurement of ON fraction (similar to burst fraction in fixed cells35) in individual cells can be used to infer changes in burst frequency.