Table 1 Estimated mean ± 95% confidence interval (CI) for fluxes of the surface energy budget (SEB) and vegetation type effect significance across summer (JJA) and the annual timescale (Y)

From: Vegetation type is an important predictor of the arctic summer land surface energy budget

Season

Surface energy flux

Mean estimate ± 95% CI for surface energy flux magnitudes in W m−2 for each vegetation type (Mean estimate ± 95% CI for normalized magnitudes in % of maximum potential incoming shortwave radiation)

Effect significance

  

Boreal peat bog

Wetland complex

Graminoid

Erect-shrub

Prostrate-shrub

Barren complex

Glacier

Vegetation type

JJA

Rnet

135 ± 37 (17 ± 5%)

103 ± 35 (14 ± 4%)

100 ± 34 (13 ± 4%)

102 ± 41 (13 ± 5%)

91 ± 44 (13 ± 6%)

-

51 ± 49 (6 ± 6%)

F5,23 = 2.1 n.s.

 

H

7 ± 40 (1 ± 6%)

34 ± 36 (5 ± 5%)

26 ± 36 (3 ± 5%)

38 ± 37 (5 ± 5%)

39 ± 36 (6 ± 5%)

−18 ± 32 (−2 ± 5%)

−24 ± 18 (−3 ± 3%)

F6,20 = 3.6*

 

LE

75 ± 26 (9 ± 3%)

32 ± 22 (5 ± 2%)

47 ± 23 (5 ± 2%)

25 ± 26 (4 ± 3%)

24 ± 23 (4 ± 2%)

0 ± 20 (0 ± 2%)

8 ± 15 (1 ± 2%)

F6,10 = 5.2*

 

G

5 ± 6 (1 ± 1%)

11 ± 7 (2 ± 1%)

11 ± 6 (1 ± 1%)

16 ± 7 (2 ± 1%)

11 ± 8 (1 ± 1%)

-

5 ± 7 (1 ± 1%)

F5,5 = 2.4 n.s.

 

SWnet

190 ± 36 (23 ± 5%)

156 ± 34 (21 ± 4%)

154 ± 32 (20 ± 4%)

137 ± 45 (18 ± 6%)

154 ± 41 (21 ± 5%)

-

87 ± 49 (10 ± 7%)

F5,22 = 3.3*

 

LWnet

−51 ± 19 (−6 ± 3%)

−39 ± 19 (−5 ± 3%)

−49 ± 18 (−6 ± 3%)

−29 ± 21 (−4 ± 3%)

−38 ± 24 (−6 ± 3%)

−71 ± 17 (−9 ± 2%)

−36 ± 16 (−4 ± 2%)

F6,15 = 5.5**

Y

Rnet

31 ± 17 (3 ± 2%)

24 ± 19 (1 ± 3%)

30 ± 19 (5 ± 2%)

-

11 ± 21 (0 ± 3%)

-

4 ± 20 (0 ± 2%)

F4,13 = 3.8*

 

H

-

−1 ± 31

-

-

−8 ± 31

−13 ± 22

−25 ± 13

-

 

LE

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

G

1 ± 2 (0 ± 0%)

0 ± 2 (0 ± 0%)

1 ± 2 (0 ± 0%)

1 ± 3

1 ± 2 (0 ± 0%)

-

−1 ± 2 (0 ± 0%)

F5,−3 = 0.0 n.s.

 

SWnet

63 ± 23 (9 ± 5%)

60 ± 23 (8 ± 7%)

55 ± 21 (9 ± 7%)

-

54 ± 23 (7 ± 7%)

-

34 ± 27 (4 ± 5%)

F4,10 = 1.3 n.s.

 

LWnet

−35 ± 14 (−6 ± 3%)

−29 ± 14 (−6 ± 3%)

−27 ± 14 (−5 ± 3%)

−25 ± 17

−32 ± 17

−40 ± 12 (−7 ± 2%)

−31 ± 10 (−5 ± 2%)

F6,13 = 1.2 n.s.

  1. Mean estimates ± 95% CI (Wm−2) are derived from a mixed-model analysis with seasonally aggregated SEB-data (nr. of sites: 64, nr. of site years: 652, period: 1994–2021). Surface energy fluxes: Rnet net radiation, H sensible heat flux, LE latent heat flux, G ground heat flux, SWnet net shortwave radiation, LWnet net longwave radiation. Effect significance is derived from ANOVA (F-value, P-value: ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, n.s. not significant). Estimates for normalized surface energy fluxes (i.e., percentage of maximum potential incoming shortwave radiation) are indicated in parentheses. Note: flux direction convention is positive away from the surface for heat fluxes (i.e. H, LE and G). Effect significance is not shown where 3 or more vegetation types are missing. See Supplementary Table 4 for significant pairwise differences among vegetation types and Supplementary Table 5 for a more detailed analysis of normalized surface energy fluxes across the summer months.
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