Fig. 2: Architecture and interfacial bridging characterization.

a The Tyndall scattering effect of Ti3C2Tx (MXene) suspension and the corresponding delaminated MXene nanosheets by AFM image. b XRD patterns of Ti3AlC2 (MAX) precursor and MXene nanosheets. c FTIR spectra of CNF, CNF-Fe(II), TOCNF, and TOCNF-Fe(II), respectively. d, e Digital images of the scalable PTF/MXene/Fe composites with thickness of 0.6 mm measured by a micrometer (building in d designed by the School of Landscape Architecture of Beijing Forestry University). f SEM images of PTF/MXene/Fe composites with bulges and wrinkles on surface under different magnifications. g Cross-section polarizing microscopy and h colorized SEM images depict the compact alternating laminated architecture. i Ti 2p and j C 1 s XPS spectra of MXene and TOCNF/MXene/Fe(II). k Illustration of interfacial bridging (coordination bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic interactions) between adjacent layers for topological interlocking.