Fig. 6: Optogenetic astrocyte activation induces anxiolytic behavior by ATP release.

a Illustration of PPADS administration and optical stimulation in dorsal hippocampus (left) and the experimental scheme (right). b–e EPM test with light stimulation of hippocampal astrocytes while PPADS treatment between control and hGFAP-ChR2 (n = 5 mice in each group). Time in open arm/center, and speed are analyzed from this experiment. b Representative traces in the EPM. c Time spent in open arms during Pre, PPADS, and Post treatment and light stimulations. One-way ANOVA for Pre treatment (p = 0.012) followed by post hoc analysis LSD (p = 0.008 (first light-off vs light-on), p = 0.009 (light-on vs last light-off)); One-way ANOVA for light epochs in PPADS treatment, and post-treatment. d, Time in the center area during pre, PPADS and post treatments and light stimulations. One-way ANOVA for Pre treatment (p = 0.000) followed by LSD (p = 0.001 (first light-off vs light-on), p = 0.000 (first light-off vs last light-off)); One-way ANOVA for PPADS treatment (p = 0.000) followed by LSD (p = 0.000 (first light-off vs light-on), p = 0.026 (first light-off vs last light-off), p = 0.000 (light-on vs last light-off)); One-way ANOVA for Post treatment (p = 0.003) followed by LSD (p = 0.004 (first light-off vs light-on), p = 0.002 (first light-off vs last light-off)). e Speed of mice during Pre, PPADS and Post treatments and light stimulations. One-way ANOVA for Pre treatment (p = 0.001) followed by LSD (p = 0.003 (first light-off vs light-on), p = 0.000 (first light-off vs last light-off)); One-way ANOVA for PPADS treatment (p = 0.003) followed by LSD (p = 0.001 (first light-off vs light-on), p = 0.010 (light-on vs last light-off)); One-way ANOVA for Post treatment (p = 0.000) followed by LSD (p=0.001 (first light-off vs light-on), p = 0.000 (first light-off vs last light-off)). The bar graphs depict the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. n.s., not significant. See Supplementary Data for detailed statistics. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.