Fig. 6: The venom-related network module evolution in Anastatus wasps.
The venom-related network modules (VRMs) of A. japonicus (a) and A. fulloi (b), comprise a total of 632 and 560 genes, respectively. Since both networks have over 500 genes, visualizing the entire network topology would be impractical. Here, we only selected the top 20 highly expressed non-venom genes (in blue), and the top 10 highly expressed venom genes (in yellow) for visualization. The topic size indicates the expression level (log2TPM). c The non-venom genes in VRM from the shared OGs between the two Anastatus wasps have significantly higher network connectivity than the non-venom genes from the specific OGs (p < 0.0001, two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test). nAjap_specific_OGs = 297; nAjap_specific_OGs = 125; nAful_specific_OGs = 241; nAful_specific_OGs = 138. Box plots displaying the interquartile range (IQR, the 25th and 75th percentiles) with median values (white dots), and whiskers extending to the highest and lowest points within 1.5× the IQR are shown over each violin plot. d Module shift analysis of the one-to-one orthologous non-venom genes in VRM between the two Anastatus wasps. The rank of the |kME| value (network connectivity) of a gene in each wasp is presented on the x-axis. The rug plots above the x-axis show the rank distributions of genes in one wasp whose orthologs still keep in VRM (orange) or have shifted to other modules (light blue) in another wasp. e A schematic diagram for evolution of VRM in parasitoid wasps. A VRM could be roughly divided into two parts according to the network connectivity, i.e., core network and periphery network. During evolution, the periphery network shifts largely, which may be caused by network gene losses and new network gene recruitments (yellow points in Wasp 1 and Wasp 2). While the core network is more conservative with only relatively few changes (green points). Wasp ANC, wasp ancestor. Figure created with BioRender.com. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
