Fig. 1: VIP is overexpressed by PDAC. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: VIP is overexpressed by PDAC.

From: Targeting vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated signaling enhances response to immune checkpoint therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Fig. 1

a VIP mRNA expression levels in various solid malignancies, as obtained from TCGA. b Representative images of human PDAC tumors stained with antibodies to VIP (green) and CK19 (red), show higher VIP expression in cancer epithelial cells compared to adjacent normal epithelial cells. Scale bars represent 20μm. Staining of adjacent tissue and PDAC tissue were done in parallel and imaged on the same day. The experiment was performed once. Levels of VIP in (c) culture supernatants collected from murine and human PDAC cell lines cultured for 24 h (n = 3 per cell line) were compared to culture supernatants from B16F10 and D4M melanoma cells. d the plasma of mice bearing melanoma or PDAC tumors (n = 5) compared to plasma of non-tumor-bearing mice; (e) plasma of PDAC patients (n = 19) compared to that from healthy volunteers (n = 26); (f) plasma from one C57BL/6 mouse bearing a subcutaneous KPC.Luc tumor bled at different times during tumor growth; and (g) culture supernatants from primary CAFs isolated from human PDAC tumors (n = 9) and PSCL-12 cell line (n = 3). p values shown in panels (c, d) were calculated using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test, where the means were compared to B16F10 or tumor-free mice respectively. p values in e were calculated by a two-tailed student t-test. Error bars show mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001.

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