Fig. 7: Tuning range and bandwidth for MZI+X and standard MZI mesh, N = 64.

a, b Contrast between single- and multi-wavelength operation, which are limited by tuning range and bandwidth, respectively. c Plot of \({{{{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}}}_{c}(\lambda )\), which dictates the tuning range for a target matrix error \({{{{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}}}_{\max }\). d Corresponding plot of \({{{{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}}}_{0}(\lambda )\), which dictates the bandwidth. Platform: 500 × 220 nm Si:SiO2 directional coupler with 200 nm gap, dμ/dλ ≈ 3.27/μm.