Fig. 3: Characterization of robotic finger control with the PPSA.

a Circuit diagram of the robotic finger actuation system. b Photographs of the fabricated robotic hand and its components. c Change in the BA of a robotic finger with increasing applied voltage on the robotic finger (3.0–5.0 V). d Thermal images of a robotic finger when the applied voltage on the robotic finger is increased. e PSC measured in an OAST at various positions. f Change in the BA of a robotic finger at various positions and the finger’s photographs (the translucent images indicate the original position of the robotic finger).