Fig. 3: Potential causal effect for thawed plasma (TP), Lipid concentration and early mortality.

Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) plot shows the distribution of healthy subjects (HC, n = 17) and trauma patients (n = 193) (a), separated by treatment arms with sampling timepoints (b). c Heatmap shows relative levels of 996 lipid species for healthy subjects and trauma patients, grouped by treatment arms and sampling timepoints. Exp, z-score normalized concentration. Rows are clustered by hierarchical clustering. d Relationship of predicted mortality and total lipid concentration at 0 h upon admission. Trauma patients are grouped by treatment arms; tendency lines are modeled by loess methods for 2 groups separately, dash line in the x-axis means 0.5 and y-axis means the median concentration. d indicates patients who died less than 72 h after admission. e Forest plot showing odds ratios from logistic regression (generalized estimating equatio) of clinical factors; Lipid concentration; TP effect for early-nonsurvivors (n = 51) versus others (n = 142). Error bars: 95% confidence interval. f Correlation heatmap showing correlation among cytokines, biomarkers, clinical variables, total lipid concentration and outcome. r: Spearman correlation coefficient. g Causal network among factors in e constructed by FCI (see also methods) in patients with complete lipid and biomarker data (n = 170). The presence of “edges” or connections between nodes in the graph correspond to conditional dependencies relationships. Detailed interpretation of the edges can be found in Methods. Abbreviations: TRISS Trauma and injury severity score, TP thawed plasma, TBI traumatic brain injury, ISS injury severity score, GCS Glasgow coma score, PH Prehospital, INR international normalized ratio. Asterisks in e indicate statistical significance in multi-variable logistic regression model: *<0.05; **<0.01. Asterisks in f indicate statistical significance for correlation coefficient. P-values are approximated by using the t distributions: *<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001.