Fig. 5: Vaccine responders show an activated T cell phenotype. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Vaccine responders show an activated T cell phenotype.

From: Distinct immunological and molecular signatures underpinning influenza vaccine responsiveness in the elderly

Fig. 5: Vaccine responders show an activated T cell phenotype.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

A Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of re-stimulated PBMCs before and 7 days post-vaccination (2nd study n = 6, three responders and three non-responders, biologically independent samples). The color indicates the expression density of the indicated cytokines. B Frequencies of IFNγ+, TNFα+, and IL-2+ central memory (CM, CD45RA-CCR7+) CD4+ T cells (TNFα day 6/7 triple non-responders vs. responders p = 0.0465, IL-2 day 0 triple non-responders vs. responders p = 0.0212, IL-2 day 6/7 triple non-responders vs. responders p = 0.0311, IL-2 day 21 triple non-responders vs. responders p = 0.04785) and effector memory (EM, CD45RA−CCR7−) CD4+ T cells (IFNγ day 6/7 triple non-responders vs. responders p = 0.0220) (1st study, n = 6 non-responders, and n = 6 responders, biologically independent samples, single missing values). Asterisks denote statistical significance as calculated by Two-way ANOVA based on nominal p values (uncorrected Fisher’s LSD) comparing triple vaccine responders and non-responders at each time point. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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