Fig. 4: Electrochemical surface area estimation of the MEAs using PIMs as binders in the catalyst layer.

a Pt utilization and ECSA of MEAs with different binder materials. b Correlation of Pt utilization with the hydrogen-bonding energy, PA binding energy and SBET of porous GDEs with different binders. The error bars indicate the standard deviation, calculated from the integral of the hydrogen desorption area of the CV curves. Test conditions are listed in Supplementary Table 1.