Fig. 6: Population structure and the plausible migration routes of A. fistulosum.

a The maximum-likelihood tree of 135 re-sequenced Allium accessions. b The maximum-likelihood tree and population structure of 96 re-sequenced A. fistulosum accessions c, The principal component analysis of 96 re-sequenced A. fistulosums accessions. d Nucleotide diversity (π) and population divergence (FST) across the five subgroups. The numbers in red font were π values and the numbers in blue font were Fst values. e The possible migration routes for bunching onion (the map was downloaded from Mapswire, https://mapswire.com/world/physical-maps/). The dots indicated the habitat of the close relatives of A. fistulosum.