Fig. 3: Illustrating the role of uncertainty in deciding which result is higher.
From: Error, reproducibility and uncertainty in experiments for electrochemical energy technologies
a Complete reporting of a measurement includes the best estimate of the measurand and an uncertainty and the probability the true value falls within the uncertainty reported. Here, the percentages indicate that a normal distribution has been assumed. b Horizontal bars indicate 95% confidence intervals from uncertainty analysis. The confidence intervals of measurements 1 and 2 overlap when using k = 2, so it is not possible to say with 95% confidence that the result of the measurement 2 is higher than measurement 1, but it is possible to say this with 68% confidence, i.e. k = 1. Measurement 3 has a lower uncertainty, so it is possible to say with 95% confidence that the value is higher than measurement 2.
