Table 1 Subject characteristics and metadata

From: Metagenomics of Parkinson’s disease implicates the gut microbiome in multiple disease mechanisms

Metadata

PD

NHC

PD vs. NHC

N with data

Summary statistics

N with data

Summary statistics

P

OR [95%CI]

  

Number of subjects who passed QC

490

–

234

–

–

–

1

Agea

490

68.7 ± 8.5

234

65.8 ± 8.8

5E–5

–

2

Sex (N & % male)a

490

310 (63%)

234

70 (30%)

3E–17

4 [2.9–5.7]

3

Ancestry

Hispanic or Latino

477

9 (2%)

224

3 (1%)

0.76

1.4 [0.3–8.2]

4

Race (N & % White)

488

460 (94%)

229

218 (95%)

0.72

0.8 [0.4–1.8]

5

Jewish

457

6 (1%)

223

3 (1%)

1.00

1 [0.2–6.1]

6

Weight

BMI

490

28 ± 5.4

230

28.4 ± 6.4

0.86

–

7

Lost >10 pounds in past yearb

479

133 (28%)

228

36 (16%)

5E–4

2 [1.3–3.2]

8

Gained >10 pounds in past year

472

88 (19%)

228

40 (18%)

0.76

1.1 [0.7–1.7]

9

Diet

Fruits or vegetables, daily

478

270 (56%)

229

152 (66%)

0.01

0.7 [0.5–0.9]

10

Poultry, beef, pork, seafood, or eggs, daily

480

273 (57%)

229

158 (69%)

2E–3

0.6 [0.4–0.8]

11

Nuts, daily

479

83 (17%)

229

54 (24%)

0.05

0.7 [0.5–1]

12

Yogurt ≥ few times a week

479

98 (20%)

229

68 (30%)

8E–3

0.6 [0.4–0.9]

13

Grains, daily

480

274 (57%)

229

143 (62%)

0.19

0.8 [0.6–1.1]

14

Alcohola

474

174 (37%)

229

117 (51%)

3E–4

0.6 [0.4–0.8]

15

Cigarettes, cigars, pipe

474

14 (3%)

228

11 (5%)

0.28

0.6 [0.2–1.5]

16

Caffeine

475

414 (87%)

227

205 (90%)

0.26

0.7 [0.4–1.2]

17

GI health day of stool collection

Constipationb

428

99 (23%)

211

12 (6%)

7E–9

5 [2.6–10.2]

18

Diarrhea

437

8 (2%)

221

5 (2%)

0.77

0.8 [0.2–3.2]

19

Abdominal painb

448

42 (9%)

219

6 (3%)

1E–3

3.7 [1.5–10.7]

20

Excess gasb

445

66 (15%)

220

18 (8%)

0.02

2 [1.1–3.6]

21

Bloatingb

445

56 (13%)

224

14 (6%)

0.01

2.2 [1.2–4.3]

22

Any of the above five GI itemsb

438

170 (39%)

203

38 (19%)

3E–7

2.8 [1.8–4.2]

23

Bristol stool chartb

465

3.4 ± 1.5

222

3.9 ± 1.2

3E–6

–

24

GI health past 3 months

Constipationb

468

208 (44%)

225

26 (12%)

2E–19

6.1 [3.9–10]

25

Diarrheab

464

35 (8%)

223

28 (13%)

0.05

0.6 [0.3–1]

26

GI disease

Colitis

475

59 (12%)

224

20 (9%)

0.20

1.4 [0.8–2.6]

27

Irritable bowel syndrome

469

41 (9%)

223

23 (10%)

0.57

0.8 [0.5–1.5]

28

Crohn’s disease

476

1 (0.2%)

225

1 (0.4%)

0.54

0.5 [0–37.2]

29

Inflammatory bowel disease

473

10 (2%)

223

6 (3%)

0.60

0.8 [0.3–2.7]

30

Ulcers

478

8 (2%)

226

1 (0.4%)

0.28

3.8 [0.5–170.6]

31

Small intestine bacterial overgrowth

466

1 (0.2%)

224

0 (0%)

1.00

1.4 [0.1–35.7]

32

Celiac disease

477

2 (0.4%)

224

0 (0%)

1.00

2.4 [0.1–49.4]

33

GI cancer in the last 3 months

464

1 (0.2%)

219

0 (0%)

1.00

1.4 [0.1–35]

34

Any of the eight GI items

444

107 (24%)

220

43 (20%)

0.20

1.3 [0.9–2]

35

Medications at time of stool collection unless noted

Indigestion

471

172 (37%)

224

77 (34%)

0.61

1.1 [0.8–1.6]

36

Antibiotics

478

37 (8%)

227

15 (7%)

0.65

1.2 [0.6–2.4]

37

Antibiotics in past 3 months

471

116 (25%)

225

59 (26%)

0.64

0.9 [0.6–1.3]

38

Laxativesa

475

149 (31%)

225

24 (11%)

7E–10

3.8 [2.4–6.4]

39

Anti-inflammatory

469

158 (34%)

221

66 (30%)

0.34

1.2 [0.8–1.7]

40

Probioticsa

469

56 (12%)

225

43 (19%)

0.02

0.6 [0.4-0.9]

41

Radiation or chemotherapy

475

3 (1%)

224

0 (0%)

0.56

3.3 [0.2–64.7]

42

Blood thinners

473

116 (25%)

224

44 (20%)

0.18

1.3 [0.9–2]

43

Cholesterol

476

202 (42%)

224

97 (43%)

0.87

1 [0.7–1.3]

44

Blood pressure

476

234 (49%)

225

119 (53%)

0.37

0.9 [0.6–1.2]

45

Thyroid

476

82 (17%)

225

45 (20%)

0.40

0.8 [0.5–1.3]

46

Asthma or COPD

476

35 (7%)

223

17 (8%)

0.88

1 [0.5–1.9]

47

Diabetes

473

64 (14%)

224

35 (16%)

0.49

0.8 [0.5–1.4]

48

Paina

474

110 (23%)

224

36 (16%)

0.04

1.6 [1–2.5]

49

Depression, anxiety, mooda

477

180 (38%)

224

51 (23%)

7E–5

2.1 [1.4–3]

50

Birth control or estrogen

175

9 (5%)

157

19 (12%)

0.03

0.4 [0.2–1]

51

Antihistaminesa

477

80 (17%)

224

73 (33%)

5E–6

0.4 [0.3–0.6]

52

Co-Q 10

477

61 (13%)

225

32 (14%)

0.63

0.9 [0.5–1.5]

53

Sleep aida

470

196 (42%)

223

58 (26%)

7E–5

2 [1.4–2.9]

  1. In total, 490 PD and 234 neurologically healthy control (NHC) subjects completed the enrollment process and were studied (see STORMs flowchart in Fig. 1). Metadata were collected using self-administered questionnaires (questionnaires are provided in Supplementary Fig. 1). Here, we show the data on 53 variables relevant to gut microbiome. N with data: number of subjects for whom data on the specified variable was available. Summary statistics: distribution of the variable in PD and NHC, measured as mean ± SD for continuous variables, or the numbers and percentages for dichotomous variables. The frequency/distribution of each variable was tested for difference between PD and NHC. P: uncorrected, two-sided P-value of the difference between PD and NHC (more conservative than multiple testing corrected P because the aim is to identify potential confounders) derived from Fisher’s exact test if variable was categorical, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test if quantitative. OR [95%CI]: odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of the difference between PD and NHC.
  2. a,bVariables that differed significantly in PD vs NHC.
  3. aVariables whose effects on association of species with PD were investigated by adding them to analysis as covariates.
  4. bIntrinsic to PD (constipation, GI problems and weight loss are common features of PD); they were not included as covariates because adjusting for them would have masked a part of PD. Food groups were not tagged because, although several reached significances, they were all lower in PD, which suggests PD subjects eat less frequently of all food groups. Taking birth control or estrogen was also not tagged because it was exclusive to females and uncommon.
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