Fig. 4: Deep ocean warming in the Atlantic Ocean due to the weakened upward heat transport by mesoscale eddies.

a The ocean heat content (OHC) budget in the 800–1200 m water column over the Atlantic ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) region (Supplementary Fig. 6b) during 1992–2021 where TD represents the OHC tendency, Qmean the heat transport convergence by mean flows, Qeddy the heat transport convergence by mesoscale eddies with the contribution of vertical eddy heat transport at 800 m marked by hatched lines, and Qmix the parameterized turbulent vertical mixing. b Same as a, but for the anomalous OHC budget under greenhouse warming (i.e., 2071–2100 minus 1992–2021).