Fig. 4: Complex 3D geometries programmed by designing the layout of the 2D precursors and regulating the peeling process.

Multi-step peeling morphs the 2D precursors of PTFE film into complex 3D geometries by regulating the adhered parts and peeling parameters, including the peeling angle and the deviation angle. Red and blue parts indicate the adhered regions on different sides of the plastic film and the direction of the white lines indicates the peeling direction. In all cases, the color in the FEA results reflects the maximum principal plastic strain.