Fig. 3: Induction of IFN-I response is perturbed in hospitalized patients. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Induction of IFN-I response is perturbed in hospitalized patients.

From: Defective activation and regulation of type I interferon immunity is associated with increasing COVID-19 severity

Fig. 3

a IFNα2, b multi-IFNα subtypes (equivalent IFNα17), and c IFNβ were measured by digital ELISA in healthy controls (n = 20), non-hospitalized (n = 30) and hospitalized (n = 18) COVID-19 patients after 22 h of whole blood stimulation with Poly:IC, LPS and R848. d mRNA of TLR3/4/7/8 and IFIH1 whole blood gene expression in healthy controls, non-hospitalized, and hospitalized COVID-19 patients. IFNα2 (e–g, k) and INFβ (h–j, l) responses in healthy donors (n = 24), severe (n = 11), and critical (n = 20) COVID-19 patients after variable dose stimulation with Poly:IC (e, h), LPS (f, i), R848 (g, j) and influenza virus (k, l). Black lines represent the medians. P values were determined either by multimodal regression models incorporating age and sex or by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Healthy controls = black, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients = green and hospitalized COVID-19 patients = orange, severe = purple, and critical patients = red. N = number of individual patients included. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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