Fig. 3: Self-assembly mechanism of HPNAs.

a Intermolecular forces and free energy changes of HPNAs. b Schematic diagram of the aggregation process of HPNAs from 0 ns to 18 ns. c Changes of the radius of gyration during aggregation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. d Electrostatic repulsion between molecules during aggregation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.