Fig. 6: A proposed condensate model for insulin signaling and resistance.

a Insulin receptor (green) is incorporated into condensates at the plasma membrane, at vesicle membranes, in the cytosol, and in the nucleus, together with other insulin signaling proteins and, in the nucleus, with proteins involved in transcription (Transcription factors, Mediator, RNA Polymerase II). b Insulin stimulation promotes IR incorporation into condensates in insulin-sensitive cells, and this effect is attenuated in insulin resistance. c In insulin-resistant cells, IR condensates are longer lived and have less dynamic molecular exchange than those in insulin-sensitive cells, and this difference in IR condensate dynamics correlates with signal output.