Fig. 2: STEM characterizations and an intuitive model of inter-SL FM and AFM orders in MnBi4Te7 and MnBi6Te10.

a Cross-sectional atomic-resolution HAADF image of the MnBi6Te10 crystal imaged along the [100] direction. Experimental (shaded area) and simulated (gray curve) integral HAADF intensity profiles along the c-axis show clear discrepancy, showing BiMn antisite defects in SL (red arrow) and MnTe in QL (gray arrow). b Atomic structure and HAADF image of the MnBi6Te10 crystal with the corresponding EEELs mapping of the Mn element (L2,3 edge). Clear Mn signals are present in the Bi layers of SL and QL. The orange dashed lines indicate the van der Waals gaps. c, d Illustrations of the inter-SL FM and AFM regions in MnBi4Te7 and MnBi6Te10, in which the dominant magnetic exchange interactions are labeled.