Fig. 5: Impact of different connectivity types and geometric transformation of cellular structures.
a Impact of four different boundary types on the buckled configuration in the absorption of solvent. b The quantitative relationship between number of wave (Wn), amplitude of the buckling structure and the dimensionless geometrical parameter (L/H) under magnetic stimulus. L is the distance between the connectivity types, which is the same as the length of S1 in Fig. 5a. H is the height of the plate. Wn represents the number of sinusoidal wave pattern generated in S1 and the inset schematic image shows the state that Wn = 1.5. As indicated by the orange arrow, mixed deformation modes are observed. c The quantitative relationship between amplitude of the deformation results under magnetic stimulus and boundary angles (α). The inset images illustrate the definition of boundary angle α and exhibit the state that α = 60◦. d Transformations of square lattice structures and simulation results with different magnetic field inputs. The subfigure (i) shows the fabricated square lattice and its buckling configuration in solvent. The subfigures (ii)–(v) illustrate the transformations under different magnetic field directions. (vi) shows the transformation of square lattice with high-field gradient. e, f Transformations of hexagonal lattice and staggered square lattice. g, h Transformation of square and triangular lattices with pre-designing artificial defects. The scale bar is 2 mm. Error bars stand for the standard error of the mean with the number of trials n = 3.
