Fig. 8: Empathic reactions toward ingroup and outgroup targets, as a function of condition (i.e., unlimited empathy, n = 88; and control, n = 84).

A significant target identity × condition interaction, F(1, 170) = 5.09, p = 0.025, d = 0.35. A significant difference in empathy toward ingroup and outgroup members among participants in the control condition (p < 0.001). No significant difference in empathy towards ingroup and outgroup members among participants in the unlimited condition (p = 0.344). The plot presents the maximum and minimum values as whiskers, the interquartile range as the vertical length of each box, the mean as the x marker, and the median as the horizontal line within each box. All tests are two-tailed. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.