Fig. 5: Galectin-3 promotes glycolysis through activating the mTORC1 signaling.

a LGALS3 homologues in vertebrates and invertebrates. Amino-acid positions were colored in white to blue. b HEK-293T cells were treated with siGal3 or Torin1 (250 nM). Total RNAs were extracted for RNA-seq. The volcano plots delineate up- and down-regulated genes analyzed with P < 0.05 and absolute log 2 (fold change) > 1. P values attained by the two-sided Wald test are corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini and Hochberg method, and shown as q values. c The Venn diagram depicts the genes cross-analyzed from the two sets of RNA-seq experiments. d qPCR measurement of the expression of the indicated genes selected from RNA-seq results in HEK-293T cells treated with siGal3 or Torin1 (250 nM). Each bar represents the mean ± SD for biological triplicate experiments. P values were calculated by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). e HEK-293T cells were infected with lentiviruses carrying shGFP or shGal3, or HA-Vector or HA-Gal3 for western blotting analysis of the level of the indicated proteins. Each experiment was repeated three times with similar results. f HEK-293T cells were starved of amino acids and glucose for 1 h followed by stimulation with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 5 h in the presence or absence of Torin1 (250 nM) or GB1107 (5 μM) for western blotting analysis of the level of the indicated proteins. g HEK-293T cells deficient of galectin-3 were transfected with FLAG-Gal3 and stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of GB1107 or Torin1 for the measurement of glucose uptake and lactate production. Each bar represents the mean ± SD for biological triplicate experiments. P values were calculated by one-way ANOVA (***P < 0.001). h Bioinformatics analysis of the public datasets of diabetes patient skeletal muscle samples and normal tissues. P value was calculated by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (**P < 0.01). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.