Fig. 2: The morphological, conductive, and mechanical characteristics of the adhesion hydrogels.
From: A smart adhesive Janus hydrogel for non-invasive cardiac repair and tissue adhesion prevention
a SEM images of CPA hydrogel, CPAM hydrogel, and CPAMC hydrogel, scale bars: 100 μm. b The stress–strain curves of CPA hydrogel, CPAM hydrogel, and CPAMC hydrogel. c The elastic modulus of CPA hydrogel, CPAM hydrogel, and CPAMC hydrogel (error bar means the standard deviation, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, p value was generated by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s multiple‐comparison post hoc test, n = 3 independent samples). d The luminance changes of the LED light bulb in CPA hydrogel, CPAM hydrogel, and CPAMC hydrogel. e Nyquist plots of CPA hydrogel, CPAM hydrogel, and CPAMC hydrogel. f Statistical analysis of conductivity in CPA hydrogel, CPAM hydrogel, and CPAMC hydrogel (error bar means the standard deviation, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, p value was generated by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s multiple‐comparison post hoc test, n = 4 independent samples). g Adhesion properties of three hydrogels in dry (glass, upper column) and wet states (muscle tissue of pig heart, bottom) (error bar means the standard deviation, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, p value was generated by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s multiple‐comparison post hoc test, n = 3 independent samples). h Images of CPAMC hydrogel adhering to pig heart. i Images of CPAMC hydrogel tightly adhered porcine heart under water flushing (left) and supporting a full-filled bottle under water (right). CAP, CAPM, CPAMC: C, aldehyde cellulose (CNC-CHO); P, polyethylenimine (PEI); A, acrylic acid; M, 3-sulfonic acid propyl methyl acrylic acid potassium (MASEP); C, caffeic acid (CA).
