Fig. 4: Performance improvement of devices with the Cd(O,S,Se,Te) region.

a–d The statistical distribution of the PV parameters (centre lines show the median, boxes show the upper and lower quartiles, and the whiskers show the full range; each black and red circle in the box and whisker plots presents the value of the J–V performances for one cell; cell number = 15) of (a) PCE, (b) VOC, (c) JSC and (d) FF for the control and target devices. e J–V and (f) EQE curves for the champion control and target devices.