Fig. 6: Schematic diagram.

Schematic diagram showing relatively uniform crustal accretion and two-dimensional sheet-like mantle upwelling. The black thick arrows represent deep mantle upward flow. The black curve represents the start of dry melting. The red solid arrows represent melt migration in the dry melting region. The grey dashed curve represents the top of the melting zone. The red dashed arrows represent melt migration below the mantle-crust boundary. The depth of the top of the dry melting region is from ref. 80 and the presence of melt sills in the lower crust is determined in ref. 81. In this model, the melt is not focused to segment centres at the base of the lithosphere19,20, but migrates upward vertically.