Fig. 3: Strain and deformation of rolled-up SW.
From: Self-rolling of vanadium dioxide nanomembranes for enhanced multi-level solar modulation
a Fabrication process of the rolled-up SW. b Initial curvature (K) of rolled-up SW with different growth temperatures and corresponding deformation (\(\triangle K\)) during heating. i (350 °C), ii (400 °C), iii (450 °C), iv (500 °C), and v (550 °C). The corresponding error bar represents standard deviation. For calculation, different rolled-up structures on each sample were measured, and the numbers (n) of the measured rolled-up structures are ni = 1598, nii = 982, niii = 795, niv = 690, and nv = 682 (one measurement for each rolled-up structure). c Microscope image of sample iii at different temperatures. d Raman spectra of two low-frequency phonons ω1 and ω2 in rolled-up SW samples excited by lasers with wavelengths of 532 nm (left) and 633 nm (right). e Summary of rolled-up SW curvature (K) as a function of initial strain gradient (\(\triangle \varepsilon\)). The solid lines represent the simulation results of the rolled-up SWs with different NM thicknesses and the solid points represent different rolled-up SW sample. The error bar corresponds to (b). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
