Fig. 6: Analysis of the therapeutic effects of SNF stimulation in biological levels.

a–d Comparisons of c-Fos (a, b) and GAD65 (c, d) labeling in the hippocampus and cortex with non-stimulation, LIWF stimulation, and SNF stimulation in an acute SE model. a, c Representative brain sections of the KA-induced acute seizure model labeled with c-Fos and GAD65 (n = 6 rats per group). Magnified images show gene expression in detail in the specific regions including the CA1, CA3, DG, and cortex, respectively. b Quantification of c-Fos positive cells in the unit area after non-stimulation, LIWF stimulation, and SNF stimulation treatment (P = < 0.001, 0.0014, 0.32 and < 0.001 for CA1, CA3, DG, and cortex each, n = 10–12 samples in all comparisons: precise values in Supplementary Table 1, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction). d Quantification of GAD65 positive cells in the unit area after non-stimulation, LIWF stimulation, and SNF stimulation treatment (P = 0.3426, 0.2648, 0.1138, and 0.687 for CA1, CA3, DG, and cortex each, n = 12–14 samples in all comparisons: precise values in Supplementary Table 1, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; NS, not significant. Bar graphs depict data as mean ± SD. Scale bars in a and c, 200 µm. Non-stim non-stimulation, LIWF-stim low-intensity wide-field stimulation, SNF-stim sequential narrow-field stimulation. For detailed statistical information, Supplementary Table 1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.