Fig. 3: Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination illustrating the seasonal succession of the free-living and particle-associated prokaryotes, respectively.

a CCA biplot for free-living (0.2–1 μm) and particle-associated or large-celled (1–80 μm) prokaryotes. The environmental variables analyzed are indicated as vectors, specifically water temperature and monthly average satellite chlorophyll-a concentration (chlorophyll-a). The prokaryotic communities for each sampling month are represented as circles and color-coded with the sampling months. b Temporal variation of the first CCA scores, which are measures of the incidence of particular community components, with higher (positive) numbers reflecting summer-like (warm, lower chlorophyll) communities, and lower (negative) numbers indicating nominal winter and spring-like communities (lower temperatures, higher chlorophyll). Note that prokaryotic communities in both size fractions were mainly summer-like in 2014–2015 (red box), corresponding to warmer years with reduced productivity and no pronounced spring bloom (Fig. 1). Source data are provided as a Source data file.