Fig. 2: Preparation and characterization of COF-Cys membranes.

a Interfacial polymerization of COF-V-x membranes and rapid synthesis of COF-Cys-x membranes via a thiol-ene click reaction. b SEM image of COF-Cys-60% membrane showing defect-free surface morphology (scale bar, 500 nm). Projection of the in-plane diffraction patterns from the grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) data: c COF-V-x membranes, d COF-Cys-x membranes on PAN support (x = 30%, 60%, and 80%). Insets show GIWAXS patterns. The PXRD pattern of COF-V-60% powder is included as a reference. Low-dose motion-corrected high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images: e COF-V-60% membrane (scale bar, 50 nm), f COF-Cys-60% membrane (scale bar, 50 nm), suggesting high crystallinity.