Fig. 2: Morphological and catalytic activity characterisation of the all-in-one MEAs.

a Optical image of the all-in-one MEA-S. SEM images of the b all-in-one MEA-L surface and c all-in-one MEA-S surface. d TEM and e HRTEM images of the CoNiS nanosheets. f Elemental mapping images of the CoNiS nanosheets. g Cross-sectional SEM image of the all-in-one MEA-S. h Cross-sectional SEM image of the CL in the all-in-one MEA-S prepared by a focused ion beam and corresponding EDX mapping of the CL cross-section. i Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves of the electrodes evaluated by a standard three-electrode system for the OER and HER. j Chronopotentiometric curves of the CoNiS electrode at constant current densities of 100 and 500 mA cm−2 for 100 h.