Fig. 4: Impaired ex vivo pathogen sensing by COVID-19 monocytes. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Impaired ex vivo pathogen sensing by COVID-19 monocytes.

From: Transcriptional reprogramming from innate immune functions to a pro-thrombotic signature by monocytes in COVID-19

Fig. 4: Impaired ex vivo pathogen sensing by COVID-19 monocytes.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Representative example (a) and summary (b) of TNF and IL-10 production by monocytes from healthy individuals (n = 19), mild (n = 18), and moderate COVID-19 patients (n = 19) after ex vivo stimulation with SARS-CoV-2. c Summary of percentage of TNF- and IL-10-producing monocytes after stimulation with a mixture of heat-inactivated common cold coronaviruses (CCCoV) or LPS in healthy individuals (n = 12 for CCCoV and n = 13 for LPS), mild (n = 21 for CCCoV and n = 18 for LPS) and moderate (n = 12 for CCCoV and n = 19 for LPS) COVID-19 patients. Representative histograms (d) and summary (e) of CD40 expression in healthy individual (n = 20), mild (n = 22), and moderate (n = 16) COVID-19 monocytes stimulated with vehicle (grey) or SARS-CoV-2 (orange). Numbers represent percentage of CD40+ monocytes relative to vehicle-stimulated cells. f Summary of percentage of CD40+CD14+ cells after stimulation with CCCoV or LPS in healthy individuals (n = 17 for CCCoV and n = 14 for LPS), mild (n = 18 for CCCoV and n = 22 for LPS) and moderate (n = 13 for CCCoV and n = 10 for LPS) COVID-19 patients. Representative histograms (g) and summary gMFI of HLA-DR (h), CD80 (i) and CD86 (j) expression of CD14+ monocytes from healthy individuals (n = 15), mild (n = 22) and moderate (n = 9) COVID-19 patients stimulated with vehicle (white) or SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2, orange). Lines link paired samples. Representative histogram (k) and summary (l) of monocyte energetic status measured by puromycin expression (gMFI) of monocytes from healthy individuals (n = 10), mild (n = 8) or moderate (n = 10) COVID-19 patients stimulated with vehicle (open bars) or LPS (striped bars). Glycolytic capacity (m) and fatty acid and amino acid oxidation capacity (n) of CD14+ monocytes from healthy individuals (n = 7), mild (n = 4), and moderate (n = 9) COVID-19 patients stimulated with LPS. The data in b, c, e, f, l, m and n are shown as mean ± s.e.m. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction for multiple comparisons in b, c, e, f, m and n. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction for multiple comparisons in h, i, j and l. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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