Fig. 1: A mammalian HAPSTR2 retrogene under purifying selection.
From: The HAPSTR2 retrogene buffers stress signaling and resilience in mammals
a Schematic illustrating structure and known function of the HAPSTR1 (H1) gene in comparison with an unstudied retrocopy on the X chromosome. b Sequence identity comparisons of HAPSTR genes and proteins. CDS, coding sequence. Amino acid substitutions were denoted conservative if biochemical features were preserved as determined by the BLOSUM62 matrix. c, d Purifying selection acts on HAPSTR2 as evidenced by comparison of non-synonymous to synonymous mutation ratio (dN/dS) in human HAPSTR2 vs. human HAPSTR1 (c) or human HAPSTR genes vs. their murine orthologs (d). Note that dN/dS of 1 indicates complete neutrality and a value less than 0.5 is a more conservative threshold for functionality when comparing parental gene/retrogene pairs24,44. e Comparison of HAPSTR1 with the predicted HAPSTR2 protein. Differences, domains, and degree of conservation for each residue among HAPSTR1 orthologs highlighted; note legend at bottom. Invariable indicates perfect conservation in all HAPSTR1 species. f Tracking HAPSTR gene gain and loss events throughout evolution; note legend in bottom right and scale on right.
