Fig. 3: Cortical gradients in various states of consciousness.

a Visualization of the first three cortical gradients in 2D and 3D view. Diffusion map embedding was applied on the group-averaged functional connectivity matrices in conscious baseline and healthy controls (BL/HC; pooled across all datasets), propofol deep sedation (PDS), propofol general anesthesia (PGA), ketamine anesthesia (KA), unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), schizophrenia (SCHZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). b Violin plots (median: solid line; quantiles: dash line) of the numerical ranges in each gradient, and 3D-dispersion (sum squared Euclidean distance of all regions to the global centroid in the 3D cortical gradient space) across all conditions. Bayesian paired samples T tests (two-tailed) were performed for PDS (n = 26), PGA (n = 23), and KA (n = 12) against their own baseline conditions (n = 26, n = 23, n = 12, respectively). Bayesian Independent Samples T-Tests (two-tailed) were performed for UWS (n = 7), SCHZ (n = 44), BD (n = 49), and ADHD (n = 39) against their own healthy control groups (n = 16, n = 116, n = 116, n = 116, respectively). Asterisk indicates BF₁₀ > 10. Detailed statistics are provided in Supplementary Data 1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.