Fig. 3: Contour plots of operando 7Li NMR spectra and their corresponding charge/discharge curves of AFBs with two different SSEs.

a, b LGPS (a), LPS (b). The integral of the lithium metal signal versus time, c–f, for LGPS (c), LSiPSCl (d), LPSCl (e), and LPS (f). The operando cells are cycled at a current density of 0.08 mA cm−2 at 30 ± 2 °C with an external pressure of 23.6 MPa.