Fig. 6: The calendar aging of LPS based AFBs.

a Charge/discharge curves of the first cycle, with/without 12 h of OCV hold after charging to 4.2 V. b Charge/discharge curves of the 8th cycle, with/without 12 h of OCV hold after charging to 4.2 V (inset: evolution of the Coulombic efficiency during cycling). The error bar represents the standard error for three independent experiments. c, d The integral area of the lithium metal signal versus time and the corresponding charge/discharge curve, with 12 h OCV hold in the first cycle (c) and in the 5th and 6th cycles (d) after charging to 4.2 V. The error bar represents 30× standard deviation of spectral noise. e, f Schematic representation of the different corrosion rates of flat lithium (e) and dendritic lithium (f).