Fig. 2: Ex situ postmortem microscopy measurements of electrodes cycled in Li||Cu cell configuration.

a–c SEM images of Li plating on Cu foil after the first cycle at 1 mA cm−2 with a cutoff capacity of 2 mAh cm−2 in 2 M LiFSI-DME (a), 2 M LiFSI-DMP (b), and 2 M LiFSI-TFDMP (c). d–i Top-view and cross-sectional view SEM images of Li plating on Cu foil after 20 cycles at 1 mA cm−2 with a cutoff capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 in 2 M LiFSI-DME (d, g), 2 M LiFSI-DMP (e, h), and 2 M LiFSI-TFDMP (f, i). The thicknesses in g–i represented plated Li.