Fig. 3: Eruption chronology.

Plots show the temporal evolution of: a earthquake magnitudes (red, dark violet and green circles correspond to dike-related, shallow cluster and deep cluster seismicity, respectively, after relocation). b, c Hypocentral depths for the different types of seismicity: dike-related shallow events, earthquakes at the shallow and deep cluster, and deep doublets. d Daily seismicity rates (dark violet and green diamonds mark temporary increases in the rate of shallow and deep events, respectively). e Normalised Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM) as an indicator for the amplitude of eruption tremor at station CENR. f–h Vertical and horizontal displacements, and the azimuth of the horizontal displacement as recorded at different GNSS stations. Displacements are shown relative to the eruption time, horizontal dashed lines in panel h indicate the azimuth of the average location of the shallow cluster from the two GNSS stations. The onset and the end of the main stages are marked by blue vertical dashed lines and the blue numbers mark the four main eruption stages.